2005 Statistics Telework and Information Society Statistics updated 11 October 2003

	US Gov Agency - June 2004.	All Employees	Eligible	All Telewor-kers	Core Telew-orkers	Situational Teleworkers	Days Core TWRKS	Days Sit TWRKS	Teleworkers in DC Metro Area	Teleworkers Outside DC Metro Area
1	Agency for Int Development	2,174	1,138	167	24	143	4	1	167	0
2	Appraisal Subcommittee	7	6	3	3	0	4	0	3	0
3	Arch and Transport Barriers Compl	28	25	18	1	17	12	4	18	0
4	Forces Retirmt Home DC	603	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
5	Chem Safety & Hazard Invst Bd	33	31	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
6	Com for Pur from Blind people	29	14	4	3	1	8	4	4	0
7	Commodity Futures Trading Com	534	534	50	0	50	0	4	47	3
8	Consumer Product S Com	452	400	198	193	5	4	5	77	121
9	Corp for Nat & Community Service	585	585	34	11	23	4	5	31	3
10	Court Services and Offender S A	1,000	939	59	55	4	4	0	54	1
11	Def. Nuclear Facilities Safety Bd	98	4	4	0	4	0	5	87	7
12	Department of Agriculture	112,843	74,780	3,434	1,543	1,891	4	2	1,607	1,827
13	Department of Commerce	24,353	17,871	6,921	5,798	1,123	5	4	6,303	329
14	Department of Defense	672,902	150,037	13,879	4,360	9,519	5	3	3,803	10,076
15	Department of Education	4,754	2,707	1,374	174	1,200	12	5	755	619
16	Department of Energy	14,519	1,437	1,437	805	632	3	2	715	722
17	Dept of Health and Human Services	66,686	51,977	9,497	4,860	4,637	6	4	4,512	7,164
18	Department of Homeland Security	53,025	25,803	392	168	224	23	1	172	806
19	Dept of Housing and Urban Dev.	10,127	487	433	401	32	9	8	68	365
20	Department of Interior	81,144	62,598	2,038	635	1,403	8	4	407	1,835
21	Department of Justice	100,400	45,895	2,029	830	1,199	8	3	1,966	9,327
22	Department of Labor	16,141	15,052	5,749	4,631	1,118	16	2	2,249	3,471
23	Department of State	18,310	11,558	170	117	53	4	1	167	3
24	Department of Transportation	58,487	27,078	2,695	1,730	965	4	2	1,136	1,559
25	Department of Treasury	108,533	43,433	30,498	20,353	10,145	7	3	2,589	27,909
26	Department of Veterans Affairs	230,406	124,318	1,415	1,017	398	4	2	0	0
27	Environmental Protection Agency	18,272	17,345	4,986	4,844	142			1,913	3,073
28	Equal Employment Opportunity Com	2,583	1,933	769	566	203	0	0	441	1,492
29	Export-Import Bank of the U.S.	420	420	1	1	0	8	0	1	0
30	Farm Credit Administration	293	293	112	7	105	4	1	46	66
31	Federal Communications Com	2,049	2,049	611	361	250	5	2	521	93
32	Federal Deposit Insurance Corp	5,341	5,341	526	453	73	6	1	189	337

33	Federal Energy Reg Com	1,218	1,142	306	267	39	3	1	264	42
34	Federal Housing Finance Board	106	98	37	9	28	20	3	29	8
35	Federal Labor Relations Authority	208	130	16	13	3	4	1	5	10
36	Federal Maritime Commission	125	125	10	1	9	2	4	10	0
37	Federal Med and Con Service	290	254	118	7	111	13	2	17	101
38	Federal Retr Thrift Invest. Bd	100	3	0	0	0	0	0	3	0
39	Federal Trade Commission	1,092	800	25	18	7	6	2	25	0
40	General Services Admin	12,800	11,873	2,904	1,318	1,586	6	2	1,325	1,579
41	Holocaust Memorial Museum	400	300	55	14	41	4	2	55	0
42	Inter-American Foundation	49	49	7	5	2	9	2	7	0
43	Int Boundary and Water Com	259	69	1	0	1	0	16	0	69
44	International Trade Com	365	365	38	0	38	0	3	38	0
45	James Madison Foundation	6	6	0	0	0	0	0	6	0
46	Japan-US Friendship Com	4	3	3	3	0	12	12	3	0
47	Merit Systems Protect Bd	225	174	47	46	1	2	4	18	29
48	Nat Aeronautics and Space Admin	19,312	15,938	929	471	458	6	10	400	4,189
49	Nat Archives and Records Admin	3,117	3,117	165	58	107	9	4	1,684	1,433
50	National Council on Disability	11	11	8	1	7	2	7	11	0
51	Nat Credit Union Administration	945	160	41	15	26	2	6	56	104
52	National Endowment for the Arts	153	153	51	0	51	0	2	51	0
53	Nat Endowment for the Humanities	170	170	55	15	40	4	2	55	0
54	National Labor Relations Board	1,935	1,334	452	200	252	5	3	87	365
55	National Mediation Board	52	52	15	14	1	4	1	50	2
56	National Science Foundation	1,341	1,160	208	72	136	6	2	190	18
57	Nuclear Regulatory Commission	3,151	3,005	876	174	702	4	1	657	219
58	Nuclear Waste Technical R B	16	15	15	13	2	4	2	15	0
59	Occupational Safety & Health RC	62	55	9	6	3	2	3	5	4
60	Office of Government Ethics	78	77	6	6	0	4	0	6	0
61	Office Nat Drug Control Policy	109	109	4	2	2	15	16	4	0
62	Office of Personnel Management	3,606	2,898	1,542	1,226	316	5	2	537	1,005
63	Office of Special Counsel	98	83	14	8	6	8	3	14	0
64	Overseas Private Invstmnt Corp	205	152	39	24	15	4	2	38	1

65	Peace Corps	916	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
66	Pension Benefit Guaranty Corp	790	339	339	99	240	4	2	339	0
67	Postal Rate Commission	47	6	6	0	6	0	1	6	0
68	Railroad Retirement Board	1,132	317	119	74	45	5	2	0	119
69	Securities and Exchange Com	3,279	3,279	313	90	223	4	0	182	131
70	Selective Service System	166	166	2	2	0	2		2	0
71	Small Business Administration	3,138	3,120	268	122	146	7		97	171
72	Social Security Administration	68,743	14,649	4,375	4,101	274	6	5	741	3,634
73	Tennessee Valley Authority	13,000	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
74	Trade and Devlp Agency	48	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	All employees	1,749,998	Eligible	Twrks	Core T's	Sit T's			DC	Ex-DC
	Totals		751,844	102,921	62,438	40,483	5	3	37,080	84,441
			100%	14%	8%	5%			5%	11%

The European Union May 2004

TIME IS MONEY - What you contribute to your company

Telework consultants cite time saved for productive work as the largest single benefit. These two tables indicate one method of valuing your business time – compared to sample results from public companies.

The contribution to the "top-line" is equally valid for people in non-profit making organisations. Most large organisations earn net profits after all costs, overheads and taxes of 5%-10%, so there is only that degree of difference when calculating the personal contribution of civil servants and charitable agencies workers to their employers’ organisations. And no employers hire and retain people who are not making a valuable contribution to the team - there are few passengers inside the modern corporate system.

TIME IS MONEY - Employee Value in some UK corporations

Broadband DSL penetration – April 2004.

USA 4.8%

China 5.1%

Germany 8.4%

Finland 11.8%

Belgium 15.4%

South Korea 27.7%

From TIME Magazine 5 April 2004.

USA Property Survey for flexible space – 30^th March 04.

On April 1^st 2004 (no it’s not a joke) The Wall Street Journal reported the results of a Gallup Poll commissioned by real-estate agents CoreNet Global, Atlanta, asking organisations their views on renting space up to 2010. There were 314 respondents:

40% say that 25% of their “knowledge-workers” will be teleworking.

Therefore the need for office space will decrease.

Of Nine factors affecting location decisions the ranking was:

50%+ Access to customers and markets

27% Access to top specialised talent

20% Better Quality of Life for employees

8% Access to low paid workers (e.g. call centre staff in India, China etc)

This last factor flies in the face of the received wisdom which implied most organisations are low costs driven.

46% said they would pay a premium for “flexible space” in 2004.

67% said they thought they would pay such a premium in 2010.

60% said they will pay a premium for flexible lease terms in 2004.

65% said they expect that they will pay such a premium by 2010.

Error margin on the Poll results is 5.6% - WSJ Reporter SHEILA MUTO. 31Mar04.

Washington DC and Generic de-congestion – 10^th March 04.

Council of Government (COG) surveys and targets in Washington DC provide the base for this table:

See NEWS report of 10^th March 04 http://www.noelhodson.com/index_files/NEWS.htm

Spam on the Internet – 4^th Feb 04.

Brightmail Logistics & Operations Center provided this analysis of unsolicited email offerings made across the Internet in December 2003:

Spam constitutes 58% of email traffic. The spammers advertised:

*Products*	*21%*
*Adult*	18%
*Financial*	18%
*Scams*	9%
*Health*	3%
*Internet*	6%
*Leisure*	6%
*Fraud*	3%
*Spiritual*	3%
*Political*	2%
*Other*	8%
*Source – New Scientist 7^th Feb 04. Brightmail Logistics & Operations Center*

Who edits the Internet? – 29^th Jan 04.

Time Magazine 2 Feb 04 analysed use of the main search engines and asks if major players might try to suppress their competitors, eventually editing what the public can find on the WEB:

ENGINES – percent of total searches		%
		Use	2004.	2007.	p.a. profits
Google	Google lists 4 Billion WEB pages.	32%	$1B		$330M
Yahoo	Yahoo owns Inktomi, and via Overture, All the WEB, & AltaVista, - more than 3 Billion pages listed.	26%
AOL		19%
MSN Search		15%
Ask Jeeves		3%
Other		5%

	550 million searches per day	100%	$2 B	$5.6B
Total WEB	Est. 500 Billion Documents
	Growth rate		35% p.a.
Amazon	In addition to its access to most FOR SALE books, Amazon has scanned 120,000 complete books ( x say 200 pages = 24M readable pages on-line).
Table drawn by Noel Hodson, SW2000 Telework Studies, from extracts from Time Magazine, 2^nd Feb 04.

The concrete jungle – UK roads use 1% of the land – January 04.

Source – New Scientist “The Last Word” contributors: Dave Dawson and Anne Worrell, Greater London Authority biodiversity manager; Biff Vernon, Management committee member of SABRE Society for all British Road Enthusiasts; Tim Lovell, Bristol, UK.

London - GLA	Roads	8.5%	Pavements	3.7%	Car Parks	5.1%	Gardens	19.3%

Whole of UK	Lengths		Widths		Percent
All Public Roads	425,121 km
Motorways	3,589 km		26 metres
A-Roads	56,696 km		12 metres
Incl. 7,921 km Dual Carriageways			18 metres
B-Roads	32,850 km		8 metres
C-Roads	89,686 km
Unclassified	242,300 km
	425,121 km		= 2,200 sq km
All UK Area			= 241,590 sq km		= 0.9%
			Include green verges		= 1.3%		Source SABRE
Department for Transport 2001			= 3,300 sq km		= 1.4%		Source DOT
	Data from New Scientist – 24^th January 2004.

USA Internet and Broadband report January 2004.

More Than One-Third of U.S. Internet Users Now Have Broadband

News Release, January 2004 – source Wendell Joice, ITAC director.

The numbers of adults who are online at home, in the office, at school, library or other location continue to grow at a modest rate. Broadband use is growing much more rapidly.

In research among 2,033 adults surveyed by telephone in November and December 2003, Harris Interactive found that 69 percent of adults are now online, up from 67 percent in late 2002, 64 percent in late 2001, 63 percent in 2000 and 56 percent in 1999.

This growth in Internet penetration is a result of increased Internet access at both home and work. The proportion of adults who are now online at home has risen to 61 percent, up from 57 percent in 2002 and 52 percent in 2001. Those online at work have risen modestly to 31 percent from 28 percent in 2002 and 2001.

By far the most striking change in this new Harris Interactive research is the big increase in those with broadband connections. Less than two years ago, only 22 percent of adults online had broadband (including ISDN, cable, ADSL/DSC, T1 and T3 lines) connections. By November/December 2002, this had increased to 27 percent. It is now up to 37 percent, or more than one-third, of all those online.

As Internet penetration rises, the demographic profile of Internet users looks more like that of the nation as a whole. It is still true that more young than older people, and more affluent than low-income people, are online. But 7 percent of those online are now over 65 (compared to 15 percent of all adults who are over 65), 40 percent of those online (compared to 47 percent of all adults) did not go to college and 15 percent have incomes of less than $25,000 (compared to 19 percent of adults).

Wendell Joice [wjoice@erols.com]

USA Road Congestion report

Tim Lomax, Texas Transportation Institute, Texas A&M University Report by Associated Press 30 September 2003 Statistics tabled by Noel Hodson
Commuters’ Queuing Time p.a. 2001		In 8 hour work days.	Time & Fuel Costs	Gridlock was eased in:
2001 USA Average	26 hrs	3.25	$69.5B
Los Angeles	90 hrs	11.25		San Antonio, Texas
San Francisco - Oakland	68 hrs	8.50		Fresno, California
Denver	64 hrs	8.00		Pensacola, Florida
Miami	63 hrs	7.90
Chicago	61 hrs	7.60
Phoenix	61 hrs	7.60
San Jose, Calif.	60 hrs	7.50
Boston	58 hrs	7.25
Washington DC	58 hrs	7.25
Portland Oregon	58 hrs	7.25
Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood, Fla	57 hrs	7.10
Seattle-Everett	56 hrs	7.00
Atlanta	55 hrs	6.90
San Bernadino-Riverside	55 hrs	6.90
Houston	55 hrs	6.90
Detroit	54 hrs	6.75
Minneapolis/St.Paul	53 hrs	6.60
San Diego	51 hrs	6.40
Las Vegas	51 hrs	6.40
Dallas Fort Worth	51 hrs	6.40


Report contributed by Gil Gordon http://www.gilgordon.com

Oxford Internet Institute, UK statistics issued 16^th September 2003.

Extract by Noel Hodson from text (for contacts to OII see our NEWS page via Front Page above)
Sample aged 14+ was 2,030 people		Surveys Dates 23 May to 28^th June 03		2 Average access points. Majority at Home & School	No Access, just 4% of UK population	Who uses the Internet?		What for? In order of use.
Qualifications GCSE etc - irrelevant		2/5ths do not use the Net. Indifferent not technophobic. 7% are proxy users. A friend does for them.		1 in 7 have no access and no friend with access.	11% has broadband internet access at home	All of the sample	59%	Browsing
				34% of UK is off-line. “It will take another generation before 9/10ths are on-line”		Schoolchildren	98%	email
						Working age	67%	shopping
						Retirees	22%	Music & Entertainment
WHERE		AGE
Library	88%	Pupils 14-22 yrs	98%
Internet Café	77%	Working Age	67%
Mobile	75%	Retired	22%
Friends House	68%
Home	58%
Work	47%
School College	8%




FOR FURTHER DETAILS, contact Professor Richard Rose, who directed the survey (oxis@oii.ox.ac.uk)

Where Work Gets Done - chart from ComputerWorld – 8^th September 2003

Where Work Gets Done Research shows that employees who could be classified as off-site workers work from a variety of places other than home. Here’s the breakdown:	BASE: 2,057 adults working at companies with 500 or more employees Source: American Business Collaboration, 2002 (Percentages add up to 99% due to rounding)	Published by ComputerWorld 8^th September 2003.
Remote Teleworkers	4%
Regular Teleworkers	7%
Mobile workers	12%
Customer Site Workers	12%
Ad Hoc Teleworkers	15%
On-Site Workers	49%

USA Office vacancy rates – sent from Gil Gordon 13^th August 2003

Could these vacancy rates be partly due to teleworking? - editor

13 August 03 Empty Offices	Central Business District	Suburbs	13 August 03 Empty Offices	Central Business District	Suburbs
Atlanta GA	17.3%	25.7%	Midtown South NY	13.9%	N/A
Bellvue, WA	25.3%	16.4%	New Haven CT	20.2%	23.1%
Boston, MA	15%	26.5%	Northern NJ	N/A	17.3%
Brooklyn NY	11%	N/A	Northern VA	N/A	20.5%
Central NJ	N/A	22.4%	Oakland CA	19.9%	23.4%
Chicago IL	15.9%	24.9%	Ontario CA	N/A	11.5%
Contra Costa CA	N/A	16.4%	Orange County CA	20.1%	17.5%
Dallas TX	29.9%	25.4%	Orlando FL	14%	21.4%
Denver CO	18.5%	23%	Palm Beach FL	14.7%	18.1%
Detroit ML	24%	20.9%	Philadelphia PA	13.2%	19.2%
Downtown NY	13.3%	N/A	Phoenix AZ	19.8%	21.7%
Fairfield County CT	17.2%	20.6%	Portland OR	15.4%	26%
Fort Lauderdale FL	22.7%	19.4%	San Francisco peninsula CA	N/A	27.4%
Hartford CT	21.5%	19.3%	San Francisco CA	20.3%	25.4%
Houston TX	19.5%	19.5%	Seattle WA	16.2%	19.4%
Long Island NY	n/a	15.2%	Silicon Valley CA	24.3%	28.9%
Los Angeles CA	19.6%	18.7%	Southern NH	N/A	22.3%
Los Angeles-North CA	n/a	19.6%	St. Louis MO	22.9%	18.5%
Los Angeles-South CA	N/A	19%	St. Petersburg Clearwater FL	N/A	16.6%
Los Angeles-Tri-Cities CA	N/A	16.5%	Suburban MD	N/A	15.4%
Los Angeles –West CA	N/A	18.1%	Tampa FL	16.8%	22.0%
Miami FL	17.4%	19.1%	Washington DC	7.5%	N/A
			Westchester County NY	21.8%	17.4%
Source: Cushman & Wakefield

UK – Road Usage measuring Lorries, Buses & Cars

ROAD SPACE UTILISED - Basic data from Dept for Transport, page 7, Green Futures July/August 2003.
The most accurate common denominator for fuel consumed
is weight x miles – adjusted by time in transit.
Blue entries below can be altered to test different data. – this is an EXCEL interactive calc. Email for a copy Email:noelhodson@btconnect.com
		In Use at the same time	Safe spacing - Vehicle Lengths	Travelling for Hours per Day	Road Lanes consumed in a day

Lorries	430,000	80%		Hours	Lanes Miles
		344,000	2	8.00	41,697
Length	40	Feet	80	MPH
Av Speed			shadow ft	18.00
				MPG
Per Gallon				4.00
Lorry Fuel Burned in a day - Imperial Gallons					12,384,000

Buses	250,000	50%		Hours	Lanes Miles
(Source Social Trends)	125,000	2	8.00		12,121
Length	32	Feet	64	MPH
Av Speed			shadow ft	8.00
				MPG
Per Gallon				2.00
Bus Fuel Burned in a day - Imperial Gallons					4,000,000

Cars	26,000,000	20%		Hours	Lanes Miles
		5,200,000	3	1.50	66,477
Length	15	Feet	45	MPH
Av Speed			shadow ft	35.00
				MPG
Per Gallon				25.00
Car Fuel Burned in a day - Imperial Gallons					10,920,000

	Project Planning Tools
	Noel Hodson - Tel 00-44-(0)1865 760994
	noelhodson@btconnect.com

European commuting in minutes

From AT&T Today. 7/16/03:

AT&T GLOBAL SURVEY PREDICTS SURGE IN TELECOMMUTING - [The Star-Ledger (N.J.), p. 36.] Telecommuting is expected to boom over the next two years, in part because employers are increasingly willing to pick up the costs, a survey commissioned by AT&T found. Some 54 percent of companies worldwide allow employees to work from home or other remote locations, according to the survey, which was conducted by the Economist Intelligence Unit, the database-gathering division of The Economist magazine. That number is expected to rise to 80 percent by 2005, driven by network improvements and an increasing globalization of the work force. Only 13 percent of companies help foot the bill for an employee's data hook-ups at home, but the number is expected to more than double over the next two years, the survey found. Within AT&T itself, one-third of all managers telecommute at least once a week. Some 17 percent work full time from home.

From AT&T Today, 7/15/03:

AT&T ANNOUNCES *** GLOBAL SURVEY PREDICTS UPSURGE IN TELEWORK - Businesses will see a major growth in teleworking over the next two years, according to a new AT&T survey conducted by the Economist Intelligence Unit. The survey indicates more than 80 percent of companies worldwide expect to have employees who telework or work remotely in the next two years, up from 54 percent today. And even though only 13 percent of companies offer financial and material help to teleworkers currently, that number will rise to about 32 percent in 2005. The top three drivers of the 26 percentage point jump in telework cited by the 237 senior executives surveyed by the Economist Intelligence Unit, the business information arm of The Economist magazine, are better network access from remote locations (62 percent), better communications facilities (62 percent) and globalization of business operations (48 percent).

24^th June 03 - Telework Numbers Rise in the Valley

Employed Trade Worksites for Home Offices

PHOENIX, AZ (June 24, 2003)-Recent research conducted for Valley Metro on how employees commute across Maricopa County indicates that the popularity of telework continues to be on the rise. Eleven percent (11%) of employed, non-home based residents in Maricopa County telework daily, which is up from eight percent (8%) in 2002. Telework is more feasible due to increases in personal computer ownership (85%). Most of those with PCs at home also have Internet access (92%). One-third (33%) of all employees have access to a work computer from home, more than one-third (44%) of Valley residents have a high-speed connection, and nearly half (46%) of Valley residents have a room dedicated as a home office.

The 11 percent, or 150,100 commuters who telework on a daily basis save 1.4 million miles from being traveled and keep more than 38,000 pounds of pollution from being emitted into Valley skies each day.

Valley Metro Rideshare offers telework program assistance to employers in Maricopa County. This help includes telework orientations, policy development, and training. Call (602) 262-7433 for more information on setting up telework programs at organizations or for a complete copy of the study. -end- Susan Tierney, Marketing Coordinator & Telework Outreach, Valley Metro Rideshare, 302 N. 1st Ave. Ste. 700, Phoenix, AZ 85003 , (p)602.262.7433 , (f) 602.534.1939

Telework as a Tool for Business & Government Continuity:

An ITAC Research and Public Education Program

I. Introduction

In 1999 the President of the United States declared 63 disasters. Organizations must create effective Business Continuity (BC) plans, also commonly referred to as Continuity of Operation Plans (COOP).

Telework increases business resiliency by decentralizing and dispersing employees across the state, the country, or the globe, thus reducing the threat associated with point events.

ITAC proposes to conduct a study on the use of telework and remote work as a Business Continuity strategy. The research will be conducted in 2003 and published in the first quarter of 2004.

III. Research Focus

40% of small businesses that experience a disaster never reopen their doors2

Project Products

In addition to the wide spread media coverage that Telework America research receives, ITAC plans on making the results of the 2003 research more readily available to the private and public sector to promote the benefits and productivity opportunities of telework. There are two main products that will be developed from the research findings:

www.workingfromanywhere.org .

21% increase in teleworking by USA Federal employees

– Tuesday 11^th February 2003 - Statistics gathered from 77 US Government agencies in November 2002 show a 21% increase since November 2001 in teleworkers, taking the total to 90,010 or 5% of the total Federal Agencies workforce of 1.8M. In line with laws and recommendations introduced over the past decade Federal employees are being enabled and encouraged to telework. 625,313 employees are now eligible to telework. In the year 2002 14.4% of eligible employees teleworked. The US Office of Personnel Management (OPM) produced the statistics. The announcement is posted at http://www.opm.gov/pressrel/2003/eb-telework.asp.

Table 2 – Agencies With Utilization Rates of 20% or Higher
	Total Employees	Total Teleworkers	% of Total Employees who Telework
Agency for International Development	2,100	1,300	61.9
Office of Personnel Management	3,673	1,493	40.6
Consumer Product Safety Commission	470	182	38.7
Farm Credit Administration	273	98	35.9
National Science Foundation	1,078	355	32.9
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation	5,582	1,768	31.7
Department of Education	4,777	1,464	30.6
National Endowment for the Humanities	171	52	30.4
National Mediation Board	52	15	28.8
Commodity Futures Trading Commission	529	147	27.8
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission	1,206	325	26.9
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission	2,600	669	25.7
National Endowment for the Arts	158	40	25.3
Federal Communications Commission	2,063	514	24.9
Environmental Protection Agency	18,077	4,423	24.5
Department of the Treasury	149,373	33,594	22.5
National Labor Relations Board	1955	438	22.4
Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation	786	173	22.0
General Services Administration	14,174	3,058	21.6
Merit Systems Protection Board	227	49	21.6
Total	209,324	50,157

USA - 2003

Telework Survey – Board of Trade, Greater Washington, Washington DC

30 May 03	An On-line survey	180 Respondents	Table summary by SW2000 Telework Studies

Is your telework ?	Successful	Neutral	Unsuccessful
	74%	23%	3%		100%
Program driven by?	Employee requests	Employer’s gain
	69%	44%
Employer pays for?	Broadband	Computer	Printer	Phone line
	44%	90%	38%	31%
Will Broadband ?	Improve productivity
	89% of employers
Employer Benefits?	Better Morale	Better Productivity	Business Continuity	Save office space
	91%	78%	76%	55%
Do you have teleworkers?	NO
	17%
Greater Washington Board of Trade		Survey by The Telework Coalition - WWW.telecoa.org

USA - 2001

Extracts from Telework America Survey 2001 - 19 Oct 2001 by Noel Hodson, SW2000 Teleworking Studies, UK

UK – Department of Trade and Industry Survey – Spring 2001

See 2000 chart below for comparisons

By Ulrike Hotopp	Employment Relations Directorate	DTI	Sample size ?	Methods ?
All UK teleworkers	2.2M in Spring 2001	7.4% of the employed workforce	UK is above the EU average.
Definition	“At least 1 day per week”
1.8M Reliant on computer to do job			55% of all teleworkers were employed	43% self-employed
				11% of UK labour force is self-employed
Increase in teleworkers	65% to 75%	1997 – 2001

Male	66.6%	Thought to be biased by 43% incidence of self-employed.		In Spring 93 DTI counted 130,000 UK teleworkers.
Female	33.3%			ETO counted 560,000 in 1994/95

Private Sector	75%	Mostly managers		Average UK increase was 13% a year.
Public Sector	25%	& professionals
FORECAST OF MAXIMUM TELEWORKERS MADE - YEAR 2000 FOR YEAR ?
	Men	Women	All
Austria	17.3%	15.2%	16.4%
Belgium	16.2%	12.8%	14.7%
Germany	16.9%	24.0%	20.0%
Denmark	23.0%	16.4%	19.9%
Spain	12.8%	14.6%	13.5%
Finland	18.3%	19.5%	18.9%
France	14.7%	18.4%	16.3%
Greece	8.8%	13.6%	10.6%
Italy	16.1%	20.0%	17.5%
Luxembourg	20.7%	19.7%	20.3%
Netherlands	21.4%	22.8%	22.0%
Portugal	11.9%	15.2%	13.4%
Sweden	21.3%	19.6%	20.4%
UK	21.4%	24.0%	22.6%
	Source – Institute of Employment Studies

UK 2000 Labour Force Survey

The Office for National Statistics now monitors telework; here are the latest (March 2004) as at Spring 2000.

Table - forecast to 2007 of UK Cars and Telecoms

The bases for this table are taken from the publications listed - the extrapolations from 1997 onwards are calculated by Noel Hodson, SW2000 Telework Studies, Oxford based on information from a range of EC ACTS projects & scientific journals.

Sources:- Inland Revenue Statistics 1996

Regional Trends 31 - National Statistics

Social Trends 25 - CSO

Annual Abstract of Statistics - CSO

Mintel Market Intelligence - Jan ‘96 (Brit Lib AL90/E3)

European Information Technology Observatory 97

Telecommuting Review - May&June 97

New Scientist 1997 Issues.

This table indicates rapid growth of Information Communications Technology (ITC) tools from 1997 to 2007 in business and across the general population. The focus used here is not on the building of more powerful transmitters and cables and satellites which will carry the voices, pictures and data - such new or improved networks are being planned and built around the World by the major telecoms and software giants - but is focused on how many people will acquire the equipment to enable them to join the information society. The future estimates and calculations made in this table are predicated on a number of key trends:-

Table: Teleworkers including Telecommuters

Note - The number of Personal Computers at home provides an upper limit logic check on the number of telecommuters who use a work-station, including a personal computer, at their homes. The number of teleworkers in this Table represents any-one-workday. A far larger number occasionally telecommute at home (tacit telework); estimates made from counting empty desks in offices and deducting holidays, sickness, client visits etc. are as high as 10% of the office, desk using workforce, work at home using advanced communications on any-one-workday.

Table: UK Flexible Working - Inflexible Commuters

Note - More workers commute daily and at peak hours than the total shown on this table. This table identifies commuters who have least flexibility and choice in their commuting patterns. Not shown here is another inflexible commuting groups, namely schoolchildren escorted by parents in cars; inflexible because school start and finish times tend to be less flexible than some office and some other workplace times.

Logic check - The Inland Revenue 1994-95 tax returns (1996 Inland Revenue Statistics) list 3,750,000 self-employed tax payers, providing an upper guide on UK self-employed, excluding any significant numbers of black-economy workers who remain invisible to statistical counts. Some self-employed people also have employment.

RETURN TO

http://www.noelhodson.com

Bases – for any meaningful statistics the numbers being collated have to be compared to fixed bases that are known and accepted by all those who use the data. Telework barely existed before 1985, a year when there were very few desktop computers and those in use were operated by secretaries and assistants. Most workers, including self-employed people, commuted daily to and from their place of work. Most maintenance engineers commuted daily in their own cars to Service Depots, then swapped their cars for service vehicles. Comparisons and base lines therefore relate to 1985 where telework numbers are deemed to be Zero.

Definitions

Telework-home-office is an established office in a home, equipped for telework, regardless of how often it may be used. Apart from telling us how many modems, connections, printers and so on are available for work, the number of such offices indicates the impacts on traffic – both transport and telephonic – that telework effects, compared to the pre-telework base in 1985 when most workers commuted daily. There have always been home-workers, often piece-workers paid by how many units they produced. In the UK in 1985, statistics from the Low Pay Unit show about 4 million (15% of workforce) such home-workers – they were and are not teleworkers.

Teleworker is an individual who works away from a formal office for part of each month using advanced telecommunications technologies, such as computers with modems. The comparison base is an individual who is or was unable to work anywhere except a formally designated office; and probably who is or was commuting daily and is not or was not computer literate. Note that up to 1985 the majority of managers and employees still relied wholly on secretaries and assistants to use any keyboards, except for specialist purposes, and to operate complex telephone systems and telex. The numbers of teleworkers are indicators for a wide range of fields, including trends in organisational structures.

Road-Warrior is an individual who travels much of the time and relies on advanced telecommunications. They are likely to have mobile telecoms in their vehicles AND to have a telework-home-office. They may also have an office or desk at the depot. Workers such as maintenance engineers no longer commute to a depot, but instead take their work vehicle home enabling them to start each day with a journey direct to a customer or case. Particularly mobile audit teams may be classed as road warriors as are most maintenance engineers.

Telecentre teleworker is an individual who used to commute daily to a formal central office but who changed their pattern to work some or all of the time in a specially designed telecentre (telecenter). Such telecentres are typically equipped with 20 to 30 workstations, each with its own computer. The workstations may be shared (multiple users who wipe off their work after use) or dedicated to one user. Advantages include shared broadband “pipes”, central IT maintenance, short commutes and companionships. Disadvantages include extra costs, some commuting rather than no commuting, lack of privacy and compromises on the work environment (heat, air, noise etc).

Apart from the definitions and descriptions above, teleworkers can deceptively appear to be very like harmless, ordinary human beings. Some of my best friends are teleworkers.

Sources: Due to definitions being different in most surveys to date, the collected data is difficult to collate and compare. This paper attempts to add order or at least analyse divergences.

Telework Cost and Benefits Worked Example


				CONTACT - NOEL HODSON, SW2000 TELEWORK STUDIES				.	.
				14 BROOKSIDE, OXFORD OX3 7PJ, TEL 00-44-(1)865-760994 noelhodson@btconnect.com

				Executive Summary


		Don't leave it to chance

			Plan it with SW2000
			Telework Studies'
			forecasting calculators




			Date printed		20-Jun-03

		Sample Questionnaires			3	Respondents	Group ref.	EXM 103

Key Financial Information from the Costs & Benefits spreadsheet
							Average
Total - Cash and (Productivity at labour costs x 3) for the EMPLOYER						Group	Employee
						$ 201,265	$40,253	per annum

1. PRODUCTIVITY - Increase (decrease)						$ 119,223	$ 23,845	per annum
Costs Centers - (Cost) or Benefit
2. COMMUTING - Employer Saves:						$ 38,452	$ 7,690	per annum
-Employees Save				excluded from sum		$ 16,927	$ 3,385	per annum
3. BUSINESS TRAVEL						$ 34,482	$ 6,896	per annum
4. OFFICE SPACE						$ 24,952	$ 4,990	per annum
5. EQUIP. & CALL CHARGES						$ (43,270)	$ (8,654)	per annum
6. AVAILABILITY, ACCESSIBILITY						$ 17,787	$ 3,557	per annum
7. RECRUITING & RETAINING						$ 9,640	$ 1,928	per annum
Sub-total - Cash Benefits or Costs for EMPLOYER						$ 82,043	$ 16,409	per annum

					Annual Salaries of respondents	$128,000	£42,667	per annum
						Group	Average



				Executive Summary

						Group	Average
Productivity Increases arise from commute and other time saved.
Equivalent Days Gained, 5 days/week						615	123	days p.a.
	Extra Equivalent Days Worked					247	49	days p.a.
	Equivalent Days Gained by Employees					368	74	days p.a.

Equipment requested by respondents - Prices estimated						Group	per person
Total Capital Investment Needed						$ 18,200	$ 3,640

			Equipment Requested					Units
			Total Furniture & Telecoms Cost			$ 2,030	11%	0
			Total Hardware Costs			$ 10,680	59%	0
			Total Software Costs			$ 5,490	30%	4
			TOTAL Equipment requested			$ 18,200	100%	4

Group summary of attitudes to telework:-

	Like about telework				Dislike about telework
	Less commuting		9.5%		Less social contact			13.3%
	No disruptions		9.5%		Files unavailable			20.0%
	Flexible hours		9.5%		Fear of unknown			6.7%
	Informality		4.8%		Guilt of no 9o'clock to 5o'clock			0.0%
	Better use of time		9.5%		Less colleague stimulation			13.3%
	Independence		9.5%		Less career opportunity			6.7%
	Money savings		14.3%		Unsuitable environment			13.3%
	More privacy		9.5%		Need to self-discipline			6.7%
	Design own space		14.3%		Losing office catering			6.7%
	Neighbor contact		9.5%		Doing own clerical work			13.3%
	ALL LIKES		100.0%			ALL DISLIKES		100.0%

	These attitudes may effect the success of a flexible work program


				Executive Summary
				Page 2
	Prepared by Noel Hodson for SW2000 Telework Studies, OXFORD, UK



Key facts from the Environmental spreadsheet.						ECO-SAVINGS
						Total Group	Avrg Person
		Commute miles per Year by Car alone				50,926	12,732	miles
		Commute miles per Year by Car shared				0	0	miles
		--Miles each in Shared car (assumed 2 in car)				0	0	miles
		Commute miles per Year by Train				6,888	1,722	miles
		Commute miles per Year by Bus				0	0	miles
		Commute miles per Year if Walk or Cycle				492	123	miles
		Total commute miles per Year				58,306	14,577	miles

		Commute & Business Miles
		Commute + Business Car miles per Year				73,926	18,482	miles
		Commute + Business Train miles per Year				9,188	2,297	miles
		Commute + Business Bus miles per Year				500	125	miles
		Commute + Business Air miles per Year				24,500	6,125	miles
		Commute + Business Walk/Cycle per Year				492	123	miles
		TOTAL TRAVEL MILES per Year				108,606	27,152	miles

		SAVINGS FROM 5 DAYS PER WEEK TELEWORKING
		Fuel gallons				2,517	629	gallons saved
		Exhaust gases -- Gallons				4,530,137	1,132,534	gallons saved
		Tons of Chemicals Exhausted				39.30	9.83	tons saved

Why we drive to meetings (extract from a report for the RAC).

An hour with your Lawyer - comparative costs of meetings

We all love someone and love to spend as much time as possible with that special person. For some of us, its Mother, or Father or Girlfriend or Boyfriend; for John the hero of this example the special person is - his lawyer. John lives in Oxford, 54 miles from the centre of London, and has an excellent legal adviser in a London, West-End firm, who charges £135 an hour for advice. John earns £60,000 a year, self-employed, and works 1,900 hours a year, valuing his time at £31.50 an hour. In addition to the lawyer’s personal charms, the case is a lengthy one demanding many consultations giving John ample opportunity to try out all the options:

Table - Meeting your Lawyer - comparative costs

Source:- SW2000 Telework Studies

This table provides many clues as to why the majority still insist on driving to meetings - even in the heart of London. Firstly, the time inclusive costs of driving compared to taking a bus, in this example, differs by only £9 which is 3% of the full, real costs of the meeting. The convenience of door to door travel, carrying perhaps one or more heavy briefcases, a coat and an umbrella, often outweighs the 3% saving; which may in reality be swallowed up with taxi fares if the bus stop is not close to the office start point or destination. In business, time is money and the traveller’s time is crucial to the argument - which may work differently for, say, tourists who are not pressed for time.

The Data transfer factor is also important to most people. The more critical the meeting, the more we wish to fully understand and know the adviser or adversary or customer. Human beings rely on their five senses, touch, sight, smell & hearing for full information about another and, most crucially in business, we rely on our sixth sense to give us confidence about the people we are meeting and the under-currents. Hence the Senses involved/Data transfer factor starts at 6 points for face-to-face meetings and reduces to a half point for Email contact - where not even the style of the people is indicated in the typeface. One value of limiting the data transfer to words and numbers is that email may become more objective and can be scrutinised at leisure.

John, the experimental client in this example, could perhaps get the best economic and business effect out of the series of meetings required by limiting the number of face-to-face meetings, using them to establish rapport and confidence, then relying on telecommunications for several months until he, or the lawyer, feels the need for another face-to-face. This sequence is not unlike many workers relationships with their office colleagues and managers. Most teleworkers find that face-to-face meetings are vital for communication but that they need only be held a few times a month:- for example when Lombard North Central financial analysts first started telecommuting in 1992, at their homes, the contract specifically stated they must attend central office at least once a week. Within a few weeks both the telecommuters and their managers found the face-to-face meetings unnecessary and hard to justify and the pattern was changed to meeting as and when needed [1].

Another clue in the Table above, to business travel choice, is the comparison of non-time costs. Whilst the full cost of taking a car to London is £40-£50 if the standard rate per mile is applied, the marginal cost to one who already owns the car and has it standing outside the home, is the cost of fuel for a 110 mile round trip, at 30 mph, say 4 gallons or 18 litres costing less than £10 - cheaper than the bus fare. The cost of parking can be justified against the potential need to take a taxi.